There has been a great deal written about what took place in Rwanda during 1994. In an effort to facilitate comprehension as well as discussion, we have developed a annotated bibliography for approximately 300 pieces that were published over the last 10 years which are generally rigorous in orientation (including a range of methodologies but all maintaining some sense of rigor). Earlier reviews exist. If you come across useful readings, please send them to the project.
Peer-Reviewed research using GenoDynamics
Marijke Verpoorten (2012). " Detecting Hidden Violence : The Spatial Distribution of Excess Mortality in Rwanda." Political Geography. 31 (1): 44 - 56.
David Yanagizawa-Drott (2014). "Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide". Quarterly Journal of Economics 129(4): Forthcoming.
David Yanagizawa-Drott (2014). "Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide". Quarterly Journal of Economics 129(4): Forthcoming.
Annotated
General overview
o Vast majority of papers read use qualitative methods, the few which don’t, are mostly from the past 10 years
o Many papers from 1994-2003 include historical analyses of the decades before 1994 to explain the genocide, yet rom 2004-2014 most authors focus in their research either on the immediate causes and consequences of the civil war and the genocide in 1994 or on the country’s post-genocide reconstruction and development. (There are indeed few, but there are some papers which try to build a bridge between pre-genocide Rwanda and post-genocide Rwanda.)
o During the first years after the genocide authors argued more often that the genocide was long planned and elite driven
o Research about individual motivation of perpetrators and research about the number of victims, perpetrators etc. is newer
o There are many papers which critically analyze the RPF’s consolidation of power from the past 10 years
o Action/Inaction of the international community including failed development aid strategies, traditional justice/reconciliation and post-conflict reconstruction are “big topics”
Empirically rigorous scholarship on Rwanda
- we only list researchers/research that makes it data publicly accessible so that the scientific standards of transparency, data sharing and replication can be upheld
- some scholarship that does not meet this standard is provided below as well as on the bibliographic listings
Omar Shahabudin McDoom - Antisocial Capital: A Profile of Rwandan Genocide Perpetrators’ Social Networks (2014)
Although popularly perceived as a positive force important for objectives such as economic development and democracy, social capital may also be linked to less desirable outcomes. This article highlights a dark side to social capital by pointing to its role in a particularly pernicious phenomenon: genocidal violence. Drawing on a survey of residents from one community that experienced violence during Rwanda's 1994 genocide, I show that individual participation in the violence was partly determined by the features of residents' social networks. Perpetrators possessed larger networks in general and more connections to other perpetrators in particular. The quality as well as quantity of connections also mattered. Strong ties generally, and kinship and neighborly ties specifically, were strong predictors of participation. In contrast, possession of countervailing ties to nonparticipants did not reduce a resident's likelihood of participation. Drawing on in-depth interviews to explore the possible mechanisms behind these findings, I suggest participants' networks fulfilled functions of information diffusion, social influence, and behavioral regulation. More broadly, the findings suggest the importance of social structure and social interaction for participation in collective violence. Relational data should complement individual attribute data in predicting participation. The findings also suggest, contrary to the neo-Malthusian interpretation, that the role played by Rwanda's extraordinarily high population density in the violence may have been more sociological than ecological in origin. The diffusion, influence, and regulatory effects of social connections are likely to be amplified in communities where individuals live in close spatial proximity to each other.
Omar Shahabudin McDoom: Who killed in Rwanda’s genocide? Micro-space, social influence and individual participation in intergroup violence (2013)
In episodes of intergroup violence, which group members participate and which do not? Although such violence is frequently framed as occurring between distinct ethnic, racial or sectarian groups, it is easily overlooked that it is usually only a subset of the group’s members who in fact participate in the violence. In predicting participation, extant research has privileged an atomistic approach and identified individual attributes indicative of a predisposition to violence. I suggest instead that a situational approach should complement the atomistic paradigm and present evidence that an individual’s micro-spatial environment is an important predictor of differential participation in intergroup violence. Using GIS data on 3,426 residents from one community, I map the household locations of participants, non-participants, and victims of Rwanda’s 1994 genocide. I find that participants are likely to live either in the same neighbourhood or in the same household as other participants. Specifically, as the number of violent to nonviolent individuals in an individual’s neighbourhood or household increases, the likelihood of this individual’s participation also increases. In explaining these neighbourhood and household effects, I suggest social influence is the mechanism at work. As micro-spatial distance decreases, micro-social interaction increases. Neighbours and household members exert influence for and against participation. Participation then may be as much the product of social interaction as of individual agency. What neighbours and family members think, say and do may influence participation in collective action such as intergroup violence. The conceptualization of neighbourhoods and households as micro-spheres of influences suggests the importance of social structure as a determinant of participation.
Marijke Verpoorten: Leave none to claim the land: A Malthusian catastrophe in Rwanda? (2013)
More than 200 years after its first publication, the Malthusian thesis is still much debated, albeit in a modified form. Rather than predicting a global catastrophe, most neo-Malthusians stress the local character of the relationship between population pressure, natural resource scarcity, and conflict as well as its dependency on the socio-political and economic context. This softened version of Malthus’s thesis has received little empirical support in cross-country studies. In contrast, a number of subnational analyses have provided some evidence for local conditional Malthusian catastrophes, although ‘catastrophe’ is a big word since these studies have largely focused on low-intensity violence. This article adds to the small body of subnational studies, but focuses on a high-intensity conflict – the Rwandan genocide. In particular, it provides a meso-level analysis of the relation between population pressure and the intensity of violence measured by the death toll among the Tutsi across 1,294 small administrative units. The results indicate that the death toll was significantly higher in localities with both high population density and little opportunity for young men to acquire land. This finding can be interpreted as support for the neo-Malthusian thesis. On the other hand, it is possible that another mechanism operated – in densely populated areas, it may have been relatively easy for the elite to mobilize the population, because of dependency relations through the land and labor market. Alternatively, in densely populated areas, there may have been more lootable assets, and the violence may have been opportunistic rather than driven by need or by fear.
Karen Brounéus - The Trauma of Truth Telling: Effects of Witnessing in the Rwandan Gacaca Courts on Psychological Health (2010)
Truth telling has come to play a pivotal role in postconflict reconciliation processes around the world. A common claim is that truth telling is healing and will lead to reconciliation. The present study applies recent psychological research to this issue by examining whether witnessing in the gacaca, the Rwandan village tribunals for truth and reconciliation after the 1994 genocide, was beneficial for psychological health. The results from the multistage, stratified cluster random survey of 1,200 Rwandans demonstrate that gacaca witnesses suffer from higher levels of depression and PTSD than do nonwitnesses, also when controlling for important predictors of psychological ill health. Furthermore, longer exposure to truth telling has not lowered the levels of psychological ill health, nor has the prevalence of depression and PTSD decreased over time. This study strongly challenges the claim that truth telling is healing and presents a novel understanding of the complexity of truth-telling processes in postconflict peace building.
Ravi Bhavnani – Ethnic Norms and Interethnic Violence: Accounting for Mass Participation in the Rwandan Genocide (2006)
This article specifies a simple mechanism - a behavioral norm defined in ethnic terms - to understand the dynamics of mass participation by reluctant Hutu in the 1994 Rwandan genocide. The mechanism, which has not been analyzed systematically in the scholarly literature, is specified using an agent-based model of within-group interaction that captures the role of intra-Hutu coercion in precipitating genocidal violence, yet is general enough to be applied to other group conflicts and contexts. The model highlights the role of individual heterogeneity, within-group punishment, behavioral adaptation, group networks, and ethnic entrepreneurs, and generates a set of results on norm formation and change, a number of which are not intuitive. These findings suggest that (1) norms are not equally likely to form in groups with similar aggregate preference; (2) a violence-promoting norm can emerge in a group dominated by moderates, and violence is not the inevitable outcome in a group dominated by extremists; (3) strong punishments are a prerequisite for the emergence of norms that promote interethnic violence or cooperation; (4) interaction patterns matter - for example, the segregation of an ethnic group clearly inhibits norm formation; and (5) an ethnic entrepreneur can effectively amplify norm formation within a group in the absence of strong punishment.
Philip Verwimp – Machetes and Firearms: The Organization of Massacres in Rwanda (2006)
This article is a quantitative study of the use of machetes and firearms during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, Kibuye Prefecture. The machete is an agricultural tool owned by most Rwandan households and is believed to have been the prime instrument of killing during the genocide. The article addresses the question to what extent individual characteristics of victims (gender, age, occupation) and aspects of the Rwandan genocide (location of atrocities, point in time during the genocide) determined the perpetrators’ use of modern rather than traditional weapons to kill individual victims. An original database developed by the organization of the survivors of the genocide (IBUKA) is used. The data were collected from 1996 to 1999 and contain information on the deaths of 59,050 victims. Logistical regression analysis is performed to explain the use of either a traditional weapon or a firearm to kill the victims. The analysis shows that the probability of being killed with a firearm depended on the location where the victim was killed (more particularly, on whether or not the victim was killed in a large-scale massacre); on the commune of residence and the age of the victim; on the number of days after 6 April the victim was killed; and on interaction effects between the latter two variables and the gender of the victim. The importance of individual characteristics, location of atrocities and timing for the use of different kinds of weapons adds to our understanding of the organized nature of the Rwandan genocide.
Marijke Verpooten - The Death Toll of the Rwandan Genocide: A Detailed Analysis for Gikongoro Province (2005)
Though counting the number of victims of a genocide is a historical and political necessity, it is always an extremely hazardous exercise. Regarding the Rwandan genocide of 1994, none of the estimates produced until now were based on records held by the communes. Focusing on Gikongoro Prefecture, Marijke Verpoorten not only evaluates the number and the profile of genocide victims, but also describes the geographical pattern of killings. This difficult assessment is based on local population registers and census data and applies a rigorous approach which starts with a detailed analysis of the data sources. It confirms the highest death toll estimates.
Philip Verwimp - Testing the Double-Genocide Thesis for Central and Southern Rwanda (2003)
Results of a research project with household-level data on the demographic impact of genocide and civil war in Rwanda are reported. The survey includes demographic and criminological data on 352 peasant households that were part of a large household survey project before the genocide. The absolute number of Hutu killed in the sample is half of the number of Tutsi killed. The statistical and econometric results show that the killing pattern among Hutu and Tutsi was different; Tutsi members of the same household were often killed on the same day and in the same place. The effect of the arrival of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) at the survey sites on the survival chances of Hutu and Tutsi is estimated.
From Marijke Verpooten (more complete listing than those highlighted above)
Articles
Although popularly perceived as a positive force important for objectives such as economic development and democracy, social capital may also be linked to less desirable outcomes. This article highlights a dark side to social capital by pointing to its role in a particularly pernicious phenomenon: genocidal violence. Drawing on a survey of residents from one community that experienced violence during Rwanda's 1994 genocide, I show that individual participation in the violence was partly determined by the features of residents' social networks. Perpetrators possessed larger networks in general and more connections to other perpetrators in particular. The quality as well as quantity of connections also mattered. Strong ties generally, and kinship and neighborly ties specifically, were strong predictors of participation. In contrast, possession of countervailing ties to nonparticipants did not reduce a resident's likelihood of participation. Drawing on in-depth interviews to explore the possible mechanisms behind these findings, I suggest participants' networks fulfilled functions of information diffusion, social influence, and behavioral regulation. More broadly, the findings suggest the importance of social structure and social interaction for participation in collective violence. Relational data should complement individual attribute data in predicting participation. The findings also suggest, contrary to the neo-Malthusian interpretation, that the role played by Rwanda's extraordinarily high population density in the violence may have been more sociological than ecological in origin. The diffusion, influence, and regulatory effects of social connections are likely to be amplified in communities where individuals live in close spatial proximity to each other.
Omar Shahabudin McDoom: Who killed in Rwanda’s genocide? Micro-space, social influence and individual participation in intergroup violence (2013)
In episodes of intergroup violence, which group members participate and which do not? Although such violence is frequently framed as occurring between distinct ethnic, racial or sectarian groups, it is easily overlooked that it is usually only a subset of the group’s members who in fact participate in the violence. In predicting participation, extant research has privileged an atomistic approach and identified individual attributes indicative of a predisposition to violence. I suggest instead that a situational approach should complement the atomistic paradigm and present evidence that an individual’s micro-spatial environment is an important predictor of differential participation in intergroup violence. Using GIS data on 3,426 residents from one community, I map the household locations of participants, non-participants, and victims of Rwanda’s 1994 genocide. I find that participants are likely to live either in the same neighbourhood or in the same household as other participants. Specifically, as the number of violent to nonviolent individuals in an individual’s neighbourhood or household increases, the likelihood of this individual’s participation also increases. In explaining these neighbourhood and household effects, I suggest social influence is the mechanism at work. As micro-spatial distance decreases, micro-social interaction increases. Neighbours and household members exert influence for and against participation. Participation then may be as much the product of social interaction as of individual agency. What neighbours and family members think, say and do may influence participation in collective action such as intergroup violence. The conceptualization of neighbourhoods and households as micro-spheres of influences suggests the importance of social structure as a determinant of participation.
Marijke Verpoorten: Leave none to claim the land: A Malthusian catastrophe in Rwanda? (2013)
More than 200 years after its first publication, the Malthusian thesis is still much debated, albeit in a modified form. Rather than predicting a global catastrophe, most neo-Malthusians stress the local character of the relationship between population pressure, natural resource scarcity, and conflict as well as its dependency on the socio-political and economic context. This softened version of Malthus’s thesis has received little empirical support in cross-country studies. In contrast, a number of subnational analyses have provided some evidence for local conditional Malthusian catastrophes, although ‘catastrophe’ is a big word since these studies have largely focused on low-intensity violence. This article adds to the small body of subnational studies, but focuses on a high-intensity conflict – the Rwandan genocide. In particular, it provides a meso-level analysis of the relation between population pressure and the intensity of violence measured by the death toll among the Tutsi across 1,294 small administrative units. The results indicate that the death toll was significantly higher in localities with both high population density and little opportunity for young men to acquire land. This finding can be interpreted as support for the neo-Malthusian thesis. On the other hand, it is possible that another mechanism operated – in densely populated areas, it may have been relatively easy for the elite to mobilize the population, because of dependency relations through the land and labor market. Alternatively, in densely populated areas, there may have been more lootable assets, and the violence may have been opportunistic rather than driven by need or by fear.
Karen Brounéus - The Trauma of Truth Telling: Effects of Witnessing in the Rwandan Gacaca Courts on Psychological Health (2010)
Truth telling has come to play a pivotal role in postconflict reconciliation processes around the world. A common claim is that truth telling is healing and will lead to reconciliation. The present study applies recent psychological research to this issue by examining whether witnessing in the gacaca, the Rwandan village tribunals for truth and reconciliation after the 1994 genocide, was beneficial for psychological health. The results from the multistage, stratified cluster random survey of 1,200 Rwandans demonstrate that gacaca witnesses suffer from higher levels of depression and PTSD than do nonwitnesses, also when controlling for important predictors of psychological ill health. Furthermore, longer exposure to truth telling has not lowered the levels of psychological ill health, nor has the prevalence of depression and PTSD decreased over time. This study strongly challenges the claim that truth telling is healing and presents a novel understanding of the complexity of truth-telling processes in postconflict peace building.
Ravi Bhavnani – Ethnic Norms and Interethnic Violence: Accounting for Mass Participation in the Rwandan Genocide (2006)
This article specifies a simple mechanism - a behavioral norm defined in ethnic terms - to understand the dynamics of mass participation by reluctant Hutu in the 1994 Rwandan genocide. The mechanism, which has not been analyzed systematically in the scholarly literature, is specified using an agent-based model of within-group interaction that captures the role of intra-Hutu coercion in precipitating genocidal violence, yet is general enough to be applied to other group conflicts and contexts. The model highlights the role of individual heterogeneity, within-group punishment, behavioral adaptation, group networks, and ethnic entrepreneurs, and generates a set of results on norm formation and change, a number of which are not intuitive. These findings suggest that (1) norms are not equally likely to form in groups with similar aggregate preference; (2) a violence-promoting norm can emerge in a group dominated by moderates, and violence is not the inevitable outcome in a group dominated by extremists; (3) strong punishments are a prerequisite for the emergence of norms that promote interethnic violence or cooperation; (4) interaction patterns matter - for example, the segregation of an ethnic group clearly inhibits norm formation; and (5) an ethnic entrepreneur can effectively amplify norm formation within a group in the absence of strong punishment.
Philip Verwimp – Machetes and Firearms: The Organization of Massacres in Rwanda (2006)
This article is a quantitative study of the use of machetes and firearms during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, Kibuye Prefecture. The machete is an agricultural tool owned by most Rwandan households and is believed to have been the prime instrument of killing during the genocide. The article addresses the question to what extent individual characteristics of victims (gender, age, occupation) and aspects of the Rwandan genocide (location of atrocities, point in time during the genocide) determined the perpetrators’ use of modern rather than traditional weapons to kill individual victims. An original database developed by the organization of the survivors of the genocide (IBUKA) is used. The data were collected from 1996 to 1999 and contain information on the deaths of 59,050 victims. Logistical regression analysis is performed to explain the use of either a traditional weapon or a firearm to kill the victims. The analysis shows that the probability of being killed with a firearm depended on the location where the victim was killed (more particularly, on whether or not the victim was killed in a large-scale massacre); on the commune of residence and the age of the victim; on the number of days after 6 April the victim was killed; and on interaction effects between the latter two variables and the gender of the victim. The importance of individual characteristics, location of atrocities and timing for the use of different kinds of weapons adds to our understanding of the organized nature of the Rwandan genocide.
Marijke Verpooten - The Death Toll of the Rwandan Genocide: A Detailed Analysis for Gikongoro Province (2005)
Though counting the number of victims of a genocide is a historical and political necessity, it is always an extremely hazardous exercise. Regarding the Rwandan genocide of 1994, none of the estimates produced until now were based on records held by the communes. Focusing on Gikongoro Prefecture, Marijke Verpoorten not only evaluates the number and the profile of genocide victims, but also describes the geographical pattern of killings. This difficult assessment is based on local population registers and census data and applies a rigorous approach which starts with a detailed analysis of the data sources. It confirms the highest death toll estimates.
Philip Verwimp - Testing the Double-Genocide Thesis for Central and Southern Rwanda (2003)
Results of a research project with household-level data on the demographic impact of genocide and civil war in Rwanda are reported. The survey includes demographic and criminological data on 352 peasant households that were part of a large household survey project before the genocide. The absolute number of Hutu killed in the sample is half of the number of Tutsi killed. The statistical and econometric results show that the killing pattern among Hutu and Tutsi was different; Tutsi members of the same household were often killed on the same day and in the same place. The effect of the arrival of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) at the survey sites on the survival chances of Hutu and Tutsi is estimated.
From Marijke Verpooten (more complete listing than those highlighted above)
Articles
- Marijke Verpoorten, 2012. "Leave none to claim the land," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, Journal of Peace Research vol. 49(4), pages 547-563, July.
- Verpoorten Marijke, 2012. "The Intensity of the Rwandan Genocide: Measures from the Gacaca Records," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 18(1), pages 1-26, April.
- Verpoorten, Marijke, 2009. "Household coping in war- and peacetime: Cattle sales in Rwanda, 1991-2001," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(1), pages 67-86, January.
- Marijke Verpoorten & Lode Berlage, 2007. "Economic Mobility in Rural Rwanda: A Study of the Effects of War and Genocide at the Household Level," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE), Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE), vol. 16(3), pages 349-392, June.
- Marijke Verpoorten, 2005. "The Death Toll of the Rwandan Genocide: A Detailed Analysis for Gikongoro Province," Population (english edition), Institut National d'Études Démographiques (INED), Institut National d'Études Démographiques (INED), vol. 60(4), pages 331-367.
- Marijke Verpoorten, 2005. "Le coût en vies humaines du génocide rwandais : le cas de la province de Gikongoro," Population (french edition), Institut National d'Études Démographiques (INED), vol. 60(4), pages 401-439.
- Andrea Guariso & Marijke Verpoorten, 2014. "Armed conflict and schooling in Rwanda: Digging deeper," HiCN Working Papers 166, Households in Conflict Network.
- Serneels, Pieter & Verpoorten, Marijke, 2013. "Armed Conflict and Economic Performance in Rwanda," IOB Analyses & Policy Briefs 2, Universiteit Antwerpen, Institute of Development Policy and Management (IOB).
- Verpoorten, Marijke, 2011. "Leave None to Claim the Land. A Malthusian Catastrophe in Rwanda?," IOB Working Papers 2011.07, Universiteit Antwerpen, Institute of Development Policy and Management (IOB).
- Marijke verpoorten, 2010. "Detecting Hidden Violence: The Spatial Distribution of Excess Mortality in Rwanda," LICOS Discussion Papers, LICOS - Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance, KU Leuven 25410, LICOS - Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance, KU Leuven.
- Marijke Verpoorten, 2010. "The intensity of the Rwandan genocide: Fine measures from the gacaca records," LICOS Discussion Papers, LICOS - Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance, KU Leuven 25610, LICOS - Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance, KU Leuven.
- Marijke Verpoorten, 2007. "Household Coping in war- and peacetime: cattle sales in Rwanda, 1991-2001," LICOS Discussion Papers, LICOS - Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance, KU Leuven 18907, LICOS - Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance, KU Leuven.
- Marijke Verpoorten & Lode Berlage, 2004. "Genocide and Land Scarcity: Can Rwandan Rural Households Manage?," Development and Comp Systems 0409061, EconWPA.
Rigorous scholarship but not always easy access to replication materials
From Filip Verwimp (more complete listing than those highlighted above)
Articles
Working Papers
Articles
- Patricia Justino & Philip Verwimp, 2013. "Poverty Dynamics, Violent Conflict, and Convergence in R wanda," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 59(1), pages 66-90, 03.
- Richard Akresh & Philip Verwimp & Tom Bundervoet, 2011. "Civil War, Crop Failure, and Child Stunting in Rwanda," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 59(4), pages 777 - 810.
- D. de Walque & P. Verwimp, 2010. "The Demographic and Socio-economic Distribution of Excess Mortality during the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE), Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE), vol. 19(2), pages 141-162, March.
- Verwimp, Philip, 2005. "An economic profile of peasant perpetrators of genocide: Micro-level evidence from Rwanda," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 77(2), pages 297-323, August.
- Verwimp Philip, 2004. "Games in Multiple Arenas, Foreign Intervention and Institutional Design on the Eve of the Rwandan Genocide," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 10(1), pages 1-47, January.
- Verwimp, Philip, 2003. "The political economy of coffee, dictatorship, and genocide," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 161-181, June.
- Philip Verwimp, 2003. "Testing the Double-Genocide Thesis for Central and Southern Rwanda," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 47(4), pages 423-442, August.
Working Papers
- Philip Verwimp, 2011. "The 1990-1992 Massacres in Rwanda: A Case of Spatial and Social Engineering?," HiCN Working Papers 94, Households in Conflict Network.
- de Walque, Damien & Verwimp, Philip, 2009. "The demographic and socio-economic distribution of excess mortality during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4850, The World Bank.
- Akresh, Richard & Verwimp, Philip & Bundervoet, Tom, 2007. "Civil war, crop failure, and child stunting in Rwanda," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4208, The World Bank.
- Bundervoet, Tom & Verwimp, Philip & Akresh, Richard, 2007. "Health and Civil War in Rural Burundi," IZA Discussion Papers 2951, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
- Shanley Pinchotti & Philip Verwimp, 2007. "SOCIAL CAPITAL and the RWANDAN GENOCIDE A Micro-Level Analysis," HiCN Working Papers 30, Households in Conflict Network.
- Patricia Justino & Philip Verwimp, 2006. "Poverty Dynamics, Violent Conflict and Convergence in Rwanda," HiCN Working Papers 16, Households in Conflict Network.
- Philip Verwimp & Jan Van Bavel, 2004. "Child Survival and the Fertility of Refugees in Rwanda after the Genocide," PRUS Working Papers, Poverty Research Unit at Sussex, University of Sussex 26, Poverty Research Unit at Sussex, University of Sussex.
- Philip Verwimp, 2003. "Micro-level Evidence from Rwanda," HiCN Working Papers 08, Households in Conflict Network.
- Philip Verwimp, 2002. "Agricultural Policy, Crop Failure and the 'Ruriganiza' Famine (1989) in Southern Rwanda: a Prelude to Genocide ?," Center for Economic Studies - Discussion papers, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Centrum voor Economische Studiën ces0207, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Centrum voor Economische Studiën.
- Philip Verwimp, 2001. "A Quantitative Analysis of Genocide in Kibuye Prefecture, Rwanda," Center for Economic Studies - Discussion papers, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Centrum voor Economische Studiën ces0110, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Centrum voor Economische Studiën.
From IPUMS
Akinyemi, Akanni,; Omoyeni, Sunday,
2014. “Population Distribution in Sub-Saharan Africa: Internal and International Migrations in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Pp. 130-157 in Continuity and Change in Sub-Saharan African Demography. New York, New York: Routledge
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Arnaldo, Carlos,
2014. “Armed Conflict and Demographic Outcomes in Mozambique and Rwanda: What Can Censuses Tell Us?.” Pp. 284-302 in Continuity and Change in Sub-Saharan African Demography. New York, New York: Routledge
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Artuc,Erhan; zden,aglar; Parsons,Christopher; Docquier,Frdric
2012. “A Global Assessment of Human Capital Mobility: the Role of non-OECD Destinations.” Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales de l'Universite Catholique de Louvain
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Bau,Natalie
“Cultural Norms, Strategic Behavior, and Human Capital Investment.” Harvard University Press, 2013
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Cceres-Delpiano,Julio
2008. “Keeping the best for last. Impact of fertility on mother's employment. Evidence from developing countries.” UC3M Working papers, Economics
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Davern,Michael; Cleveland,Lara L.
2010. “Drawing Statistical Inferences from International Census Data.” Presented at Population Association of America, Dallas, TX
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Dorelien,Audrey
“A Time to Be Born: Birth Seasonality in Sub-Saharan Africa.” PSC Research Report No. 13-785, 2013
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Dorelien,Audrey
2011. “Seasonal Births in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Presented at Population Association of America, Washington, D.C.
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Esteve,Abert; McCaa,Robert; Garcia,Joan
2012. “Comparative Perspectives on Marriage and International Migration, 1970-2000: Findings from IPUMS-International Census Microdata Samples.” Pp. 51-80 in Cross Border Marriage: Global Trends and Diversity. Seoul: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Esteve,Albert; Spijker,Jeroen; Riffe,Timothy L.M.
2010. “Marriage prevalence and education in developing countries.” Presented at Population Association of America, Dallas, TX
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Farhan Majid,Muhammad; Agero,Jorge M.
2014. “War and the Destruction of Human Capital.” Households in Conflict Network
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Fawcett,Tim W.; Nettle,Daniel; Pollet,Thomas V.; Buunk,Abraham P.
2009. “Sex-Ratio Biasing Towards Daughters Among Lower-Ranking Co-Wives in Rwanda.”Biology Letters 5: 765-768
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Friedman,Willa
“Local Economic Conditions and Participation in the Rwandan Genocide.” University of California, Berkeley, 2011
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Ganguli, Ina,; Hausmann, Ricardo,; Viarengo, Martina,
2014. “Closing the Gender Gap in Education: What is the State of Gaps in Labor Force Participation for Women, Wives and Mothers?.” International Labour Review 153: 173-207
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Garenne,Michel
“Fertility Changes in Sub-Saharan Africa.” USAID - DHS, 2008
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Golaz,Valrie; Gubry,Franoise; Gendreau,Francis
2009. “Recent Trends Concerning the Accessibility of African Population Censuses to the Academic Community.” Working Papers du CEPED
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Guariso,Andrea; Rogall,Thorsten
“The Escalation of Violence: Armed Groups and Civilian Perpetrators.” Stockholm University, 2013
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Guariso,Andrea; Verpooten,Marijke
“Armed Conflict and Schooling in Rwanda: Digging Deeper.” University of Leuven, 2014
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Gupta,Neeru; Lavalee,Rene; Hanvoravongchai,Piya
2009. “Uso de datos de censos de poblacin para el anlisis de gnero del personal sanitario [Using population census data for gender analysis of health personnel].” Pp. 119-128 in Manual de Seguimiento y Evaluacion de Los Recursos Humanos Para la Salud. France: World Health Organization
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Heggeness,Misty L.
2010. “Essays on Marital Instability, Household Behavior, and Social Policy in Developing Countries.” Department: Applied Economics; Advisor: Paul Glewwe; Degree: Doctor of Philosophy University of Minnesota
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Heggeness,Misty; Ruggles,Steven
2008. “Intergenerational Coresidence in Developing Countries.” Population and Development Review 34: 253-281
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Heldring,Leander
2014. “State Capacity and Violence: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide.” CSAE Working Paper
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Jedwab,Rmi
“Urbanization without Structural Transformation: Evidence from Consumption Cities in Africa.” George Washington University, 2013
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Karamaga,Adolphe; Amoroso,Cheryl; Lisa R,Hirschhorn; Zambotti,Giovanni; Sudhof,Leanna; Peter,Drobac; Barebwanuwe,Peter; Munyaneza,Fabien
2013. “Local use of geographic information systems to improve data utilisation and health services: mapping caesarean section coverage in rural Rwanda.” Tropical Medicine and International Health 18: 18-26
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Kazembe, Lawrence,; Kandala, N.B.,
2014. “Analysis of Mortality Using Census and Household Data: A Practical Bayesian Multilevel Spatial Modeling Approach.” Pp. 36-59 in . :
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Kinfu, Yohannes,; Opiyo, Collins,; Wamukoya, Marilyn,
2014. “Child Health and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Trends, Causes, and Forecasts.” Pp. 60-77 in Continuity and Change in Sub-Saharan African Demography. New York, New York: Routledge
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
La Mattina, Giulia,
2014. “Civil Conflict, Sex Ratio and Intimate Partner Violence in Rwanda.”
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
La Mattina,Giulia
“When all the Good Men are Gone: Sex Ratio and Domestic Violence in Post-Genocide Rwanda.” Boston University, 2012
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
La Mattina,Giulia
“Armed Conflict and Domestic Violence: Evidence from Rwanda.” Dartmouth College, 2012
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Lam,David; Zimmermann,Laura; Thornton,Rebecca
2012. “Demographic Challenges Facing the Elderly in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Presented at Population Association of America, San Francisco, CA
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Marfouk,Abdeslam; Parsons,Christopher; Docquier,Frdric; zden,aglar
“Geographic, Gender and Skill Structure of International Migration.” , 2010
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Masquelier, Bruno,; Soura, Abramane, B.
2014. “Orphaned Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Can We Learn From Census Data?.” Pp. 210-233 in Continuity and Change in Sub-Saharan African Demography. New York, New York: Routledge
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Mba, Chuks, J.
2014. “Examining the Accuracy of Age-Sex Data: An Evaluation of Recent Sub-Saharan African Populations Censuses.” Pp. 12-35 in Continuity and Change in Sub-Saharan African Demography. New York, New York: Routledge
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Michelson,Ethan
2013. “Women in the Legal Profession, 1970-2010: A Study of the Global Supply of Lawyers.”Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 20: 1071-1137
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Muhidin,Salut; Bell,Martin
2011. “Comparing Internal Migration Between Countries Using Courgeaus k.” Pp. 141-164 inPopulation Dynamics and Projection Methods. : Springer
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Permanyer,Iaki; Garca-Romn,Joan; Esteve,Albert
2012. “The Gender-Gap Reversal in Education and Its Effect on Union Formation: The End of Hypergamy?.” Population and Development Review 38: 535-546
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Potancokov,Michaela; K.C,Samir; Goujon,Anne; Bauer,Ramon
“Populations for 171 Countries by Age, Sex, and Level of Education around 2010: Harmonized Estimates of the Baseline Data for the Wittgenstein Centre Projections.” Wittgenstein Centre Interim Report, 2012
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Rogall,Thorsten; Yanagizawa-Drott,David
“The Legacy of Political Mass Killings: Evidence from the Rwanda Genocide.” Harvard University, 2013
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Silverman,Rachel; Fan,Victoria Y.; Glassman,Amanda
2012. “Does HIV/AIDS Funding Undermine Health Systems?.” The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87: 579-580
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Sprlein,Christoph
“The Economic Incorporation of Immigrants in Western and Non-Western Societies.” Utrecht University, 2011
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
2014. “Population Distribution in Sub-Saharan Africa: Internal and International Migrations in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Pp. 130-157 in Continuity and Change in Sub-Saharan African Demography. New York, New York: Routledge
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Arnaldo, Carlos,
2014. “Armed Conflict and Demographic Outcomes in Mozambique and Rwanda: What Can Censuses Tell Us?.” Pp. 284-302 in Continuity and Change in Sub-Saharan African Demography. New York, New York: Routledge
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Artuc,Erhan; zden,aglar; Parsons,Christopher; Docquier,Frdric
2012. “A Global Assessment of Human Capital Mobility: the Role of non-OECD Destinations.” Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales de l'Universite Catholique de Louvain
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Bau,Natalie
“Cultural Norms, Strategic Behavior, and Human Capital Investment.” Harvard University Press, 2013
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Cceres-Delpiano,Julio
2008. “Keeping the best for last. Impact of fertility on mother's employment. Evidence from developing countries.” UC3M Working papers, Economics
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Davern,Michael; Cleveland,Lara L.
2010. “Drawing Statistical Inferences from International Census Data.” Presented at Population Association of America, Dallas, TX
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Dorelien,Audrey
“A Time to Be Born: Birth Seasonality in Sub-Saharan Africa.” PSC Research Report No. 13-785, 2013
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Dorelien,Audrey
2011. “Seasonal Births in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Presented at Population Association of America, Washington, D.C.
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Esteve,Abert; McCaa,Robert; Garcia,Joan
2012. “Comparative Perspectives on Marriage and International Migration, 1970-2000: Findings from IPUMS-International Census Microdata Samples.” Pp. 51-80 in Cross Border Marriage: Global Trends and Diversity. Seoul: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Esteve,Albert; Spijker,Jeroen; Riffe,Timothy L.M.
2010. “Marriage prevalence and education in developing countries.” Presented at Population Association of America, Dallas, TX
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Farhan Majid,Muhammad; Agero,Jorge M.
2014. “War and the Destruction of Human Capital.” Households in Conflict Network
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Fawcett,Tim W.; Nettle,Daniel; Pollet,Thomas V.; Buunk,Abraham P.
2009. “Sex-Ratio Biasing Towards Daughters Among Lower-Ranking Co-Wives in Rwanda.”Biology Letters 5: 765-768
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Friedman,Willa
“Local Economic Conditions and Participation in the Rwandan Genocide.” University of California, Berkeley, 2011
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Ganguli, Ina,; Hausmann, Ricardo,; Viarengo, Martina,
2014. “Closing the Gender Gap in Education: What is the State of Gaps in Labor Force Participation for Women, Wives and Mothers?.” International Labour Review 153: 173-207
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Garenne,Michel
“Fertility Changes in Sub-Saharan Africa.” USAID - DHS, 2008
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Golaz,Valrie; Gubry,Franoise; Gendreau,Francis
2009. “Recent Trends Concerning the Accessibility of African Population Censuses to the Academic Community.” Working Papers du CEPED
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Guariso,Andrea; Rogall,Thorsten
“The Escalation of Violence: Armed Groups and Civilian Perpetrators.” Stockholm University, 2013
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Guariso,Andrea; Verpooten,Marijke
“Armed Conflict and Schooling in Rwanda: Digging Deeper.” University of Leuven, 2014
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Gupta,Neeru; Lavalee,Rene; Hanvoravongchai,Piya
2009. “Uso de datos de censos de poblacin para el anlisis de gnero del personal sanitario [Using population census data for gender analysis of health personnel].” Pp. 119-128 in Manual de Seguimiento y Evaluacion de Los Recursos Humanos Para la Salud. France: World Health Organization
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Heggeness,Misty L.
2010. “Essays on Marital Instability, Household Behavior, and Social Policy in Developing Countries.” Department: Applied Economics; Advisor: Paul Glewwe; Degree: Doctor of Philosophy University of Minnesota
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Heggeness,Misty; Ruggles,Steven
2008. “Intergenerational Coresidence in Developing Countries.” Population and Development Review 34: 253-281
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Heldring,Leander
2014. “State Capacity and Violence: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide.” CSAE Working Paper
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Jedwab,Rmi
“Urbanization without Structural Transformation: Evidence from Consumption Cities in Africa.” George Washington University, 2013
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Karamaga,Adolphe; Amoroso,Cheryl; Lisa R,Hirschhorn; Zambotti,Giovanni; Sudhof,Leanna; Peter,Drobac; Barebwanuwe,Peter; Munyaneza,Fabien
2013. “Local use of geographic information systems to improve data utilisation and health services: mapping caesarean section coverage in rural Rwanda.” Tropical Medicine and International Health 18: 18-26
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Kazembe, Lawrence,; Kandala, N.B.,
2014. “Analysis of Mortality Using Census and Household Data: A Practical Bayesian Multilevel Spatial Modeling Approach.” Pp. 36-59 in . :
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Kinfu, Yohannes,; Opiyo, Collins,; Wamukoya, Marilyn,
2014. “Child Health and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Trends, Causes, and Forecasts.” Pp. 60-77 in Continuity and Change in Sub-Saharan African Demography. New York, New York: Routledge
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
La Mattina, Giulia,
2014. “Civil Conflict, Sex Ratio and Intimate Partner Violence in Rwanda.”
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
La Mattina,Giulia
“When all the Good Men are Gone: Sex Ratio and Domestic Violence in Post-Genocide Rwanda.” Boston University, 2012
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
La Mattina,Giulia
“Armed Conflict and Domestic Violence: Evidence from Rwanda.” Dartmouth College, 2012
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Lam,David; Zimmermann,Laura; Thornton,Rebecca
2012. “Demographic Challenges Facing the Elderly in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Presented at Population Association of America, San Francisco, CA
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Marfouk,Abdeslam; Parsons,Christopher; Docquier,Frdric; zden,aglar
“Geographic, Gender and Skill Structure of International Migration.” , 2010
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Masquelier, Bruno,; Soura, Abramane, B.
2014. “Orphaned Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Can We Learn From Census Data?.” Pp. 210-233 in Continuity and Change in Sub-Saharan African Demography. New York, New York: Routledge
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Mba, Chuks, J.
2014. “Examining the Accuracy of Age-Sex Data: An Evaluation of Recent Sub-Saharan African Populations Censuses.” Pp. 12-35 in Continuity and Change in Sub-Saharan African Demography. New York, New York: Routledge
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Michelson,Ethan
2013. “Women in the Legal Profession, 1970-2010: A Study of the Global Supply of Lawyers.”Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 20: 1071-1137
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Muhidin,Salut; Bell,Martin
2011. “Comparing Internal Migration Between Countries Using Courgeaus k.” Pp. 141-164 inPopulation Dynamics and Projection Methods. : Springer
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Permanyer,Iaki; Garca-Romn,Joan; Esteve,Albert
2012. “The Gender-Gap Reversal in Education and Its Effect on Union Formation: The End of Hypergamy?.” Population and Development Review 38: 535-546
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Potancokov,Michaela; K.C,Samir; Goujon,Anne; Bauer,Ramon
“Populations for 171 Countries by Age, Sex, and Level of Education around 2010: Harmonized Estimates of the Baseline Data for the Wittgenstein Centre Projections.” Wittgenstein Centre Interim Report, 2012
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Rogall,Thorsten; Yanagizawa-Drott,David
“The Legacy of Political Mass Killings: Evidence from the Rwanda Genocide.” Harvard University, 2013
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Silverman,Rachel; Fan,Victoria Y.; Glassman,Amanda
2012. “Does HIV/AIDS Funding Undermine Health Systems?.” The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87: 579-580
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
Sprlein,Christoph
“The Economic Incorporation of Immigrants in Western and Non-Western Societies.” Utrecht University, 2011
Abstract | Full Citation | Google
List of interesting readings
- Inclusion does not mean endorsement. We are just providing all listings that we can find
Interesting Atlantic article ("Did This New Hampshire Woman Take Part in the Rwandan Genocide?") about Rwandan (now US) woman who was tried in New Hampshire regarding her visa status because she failed to communicate her connection with the violence of 1994 through her convicted relatives. Individuals are flown over from Rwanda to testify about what they remember but under cross-examination, the witnesses stories become a bit less clear. Fascinating look into how difficult it is to study what took place.
International criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Amnesty International - Searching for "Rwanda 1994"
U.S. State Department, Declassified documents - Searching for "Rwanda 1994"
DRC Mapping Report - UN: "DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, 1993–2003"
Hirondelle News Agency - ICTR/Rwanda News Coverage
The Gersony Report: Summary of UNHCR Presentation Before Commission of Experts
National Security Archive
From the US Holocaust Museum
UN Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United Nations During the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda
Rwanda repression across borders - Human Rights Watch
From Natalie Shilati - Annotated bibliography
From Jean Paul Martinon - Bibliography
From Lennart Aspegren - International Criminal Law and Genocide
From Telphoto Source
International criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Amnesty International - Searching for "Rwanda 1994"
U.S. State Department, Declassified documents - Searching for "Rwanda 1994"
DRC Mapping Report - UN: "DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, 1993–2003"
Hirondelle News Agency - ICTR/Rwanda News Coverage
The Gersony Report: Summary of UNHCR Presentation Before Commission of Experts
National Security Archive
- Peacekeeper Situation Reports from the National Security Archive
- Notes concerning "The Genocide Fax" (Challenge that the document is false)
- The failure of the Arusha Accords
- The US and Rwandan Political Violence
From the US Holocaust Museum
- Introduction
- Background Information
- Investigative Reports
- Biographies and Testimonies
- Justice and Reconciliation
- Film and Video
- Museum Web Resources
- Additional Resources
UN Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United Nations During the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda
Rwanda repression across borders - Human Rights Watch
From Natalie Shilati - Annotated bibliography
From Jean Paul Martinon - Bibliography
From Lennart Aspegren - International Criminal Law and Genocide
From Telphoto Source
